Biodegradability of Polymers: Regulations and Methods for Testing
نویسنده
چکیده
3 Testing Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 370 3.1 General Principles in Testing Biodegradable Plastics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 373 3.2 Analytical Procedures for Monitoring Biodegradation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 375 3.2.1 Visual Observations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 375 3.2.2 Changes in Mechanical Properties and Molar Mass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 375 3.2.3 Weight Loss Measurements: Determination of Residual Polymer . . . . . . . 376 3.2.4 CO2 evolution/O2 Consumption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 377 3.2.5 Determination of Biogas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 378 3.2.6 Radiolabeling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 378 3.2.7 Clear-zone Formation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 378 3.2.8 Others . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 379 3.3 Development of Standardized Biodegradation Tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 379 3.3.1 Testing Compostability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 381 3.3.2 Testing Anaerobic Biodegradation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 383 3.3.3 Testing Biodegradation in Soil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 384
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